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Vitamin C - The Master Nutrient

VITAMIN C - THE MASTER NUTRIENT

Preface    | Foreword | Introduction | Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 | Chapter 3 | Chapter 4 | Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 | Chapter 8 | Chapter 9 | Chapter 10 | Chapter 11 | Chapter 12 | Chapter 13 | Bibliography

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3. Altschule MD. 1976. Is It True What They Say about Cholesterol? Executive Health 12:no.11.

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5. Anderson JT, Keys A. 1957. Safflower Oil, Hydrogenated Safflower Oil and Ascorbic Acid Effects on Serum Cholesterol in Man. Federation Proceedings (Bethesda), vol.16:p.380.

6. Anderson R. 1982. Effects of Ascorbate on Normal and Abnormal Leukocyte Functions, in Vitamin C: New Clinical Applications in Immunology. Liped Metabolism and Cancer, ed. A. Hanck. Hans Huber, Bern, PP.23-34.

7. Anderson R, Lukey PT. 1987. A Biological Role for Ascorbate in the Selective Neutralization of Extracellular Phagocyte-derived Oxidants. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

8. Baetgen D. Results of the Treatment of Epidemic Hepatitis in Children with High Doses of Ascorbic Acid in the Years 1957-1958. Medizinische Monatschrift, vol.15:pp.30-36. 1961.

9.Bailer JC III EM. 1986. Progress Against Cancer. New England J. Medicine 314, 1226-32.

10. Baker III EM. 1971. Ascorbic Sulfate: A Urinary Metabolite of Ascorbic Acid in Man. Science, vol.173:pp.826-827.

11.Banerjee S. 1944. Part IV. Effect of Vitamin C on the Insulin Content of the Pancreas of Guinea Pigs. Annals of bio-chemistry and Experimental Medicine, vol.4:pp.33-36.

12. Banerjee S, Baudyopadhyay A. 1963. Plasma Lipids in Scurvy: Effect of Ascorbic Acid Supplement and Insulin Treatment. Proceedings Society Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol.112:pp.372-374.

13. Bartelheimer H. 1939. Vitamin C in the Treatment of Diabetes. Die Medizinische Welt, vol.13:117-120.

14. Bartlett MK, Jones CM, Ryan AE. 1942. Vitamin C and Wound Healing. II. Ascorbic Acid Content and Tensile Strength of Healing Wounds in Human Beings. New England Journal of Medicine 226:474-481.

15. Bates CJ, Mandal AR, Cole TJ. 1977. HDL-Cholesterol and Vitamin C Status. The Lancet 3:611.

16.Baur H. 1952. Poliomyelitis Therapy with Ascorbic Acid. Helvetia Medica Acta, Vol. 19:pp.470-474.

17.Baur H, Staub H. 1954. Therapy of Hepatitis with Ascorbic Acid Infusions. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift, vol.84:pp.595-597.

18.Becker et al RR. 1953. Ascorbic Acid Deficiency and Cholesterol Synthesis. Journal American Chemical Society, vol.75:p.2020.

19.Behrens WA, Madere R. A Procedure for the Determination of Ascorbic and Dehydroascorbic Acid in Biological Fluids, Tissues, and Foods. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

20. Berge GE. 1989. Esterified Polyascorbate: An Alternative for Ailments in Support and Movement Structure in Dogs.

21. Bingham R. 1984. Fight Back Against Arthritis. Desert Arthritis Medical Clinic.

22. Biser S. 1989. The Great Vitamin C Myth Exploded. Health Discoveries Newsletter.

23.Bjelke E. 1974. Epidermological Studies of Cancer of the Stomach, Colon and Rectum with Special Emphasis on the Role of Diet. Scan J. Gastro. 9(31) 1-235.

24.Blanchard J, Achari R, Harrison GG and Conrad KA. 1984. The Influence of Vitamin C on Antipyrine Pharmacokinetics in Elderly Men. Biopharm. & Drug disp. 5: 43-54.

25.Blanchard J, Hochman D. 1984. Effects of Vitamin C on Caffeine Pharmacokinetics in Young and Aged Guinea Pigs. Drug-Nutr. Inter. 2: 243-55.

26.Blanchard J, Conrad KA 1988. Comparison of Plasma, Mononuclear and Polymorphonuclear Leucocyte Vitamin C Levels in Young and Elderly Women During Depletion and Supplementation. European J. Clin. Nutrition. 43: 97-106.

27.Blanchard J, Conrad KA, Mead KA, Gary PJ. 1989. Vitamin C Disposition in Young and Elderly Men. Manuscript.

28.Bland J. 1987. The Latest Developments in the Therapy and Biochemistry of Vitamin C. Seminar Transcript.

29.Bland J. 1989. Reducing the Risk to Coronary Heart Disease: Appraisal of Progress. In: Nutrition, Health and Peace. Pauling Symposia. Vol I. Linus Pauling Institute. Jariwalla RJ, Schwoebel SL (eds).

30.Bland J. 1989. The Key to the Power of Vitamin C and its Metabolites. Keats Publishing.

31.Booker WM et al. 1957. Cholesterol - Ascorbic Acid Relationship. American J. Phys. 189:335-7.

32.Bordia A. 1980. The Effect of Vitamin C on Blood Lipids, Fibrinolytic Activity, and Platelet Adhesiveness in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Atherosclerosis 35:2, 181-187.

33.Bradford, Allen & Culbert. 1985. Oxidology. Bradford Foundation.

34. Brandt R, Guyer KE, Banks WL. Jr. 1974. A Simple Method to Prevent Vitamin C Interference with Urinary Glucose Determinations. Clinica Chimica Acta 51:103-104.

35. Brighthope I. 1988. The AIDS Fighters. Keats Publishing.

36.Burns, Rivers & Machlin (eds.). 1987. Third Conference on Vitamin C. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 498.

37.Bush MJ & Verlangieri AJ. 1987. An Acute Study on the Relative Gastro-Intestinal Absorption of a Novel Form of Calcium Ascorbate. Res. Comm. Chem Path. Pharm. 57 (1): 137-40.

38.Calabrese EJ, Stoddard A, Leonard DA, Dinardi SR. 1987. The Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Blood and Hair Levels of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

39.Calleja HB, Brooks RH. 1960. Acute Hepatitis Treated with High Doses of Vitamin C. Ohio State Medical Journal, vol.56:pp.821-823.

40.Cameron E, Campbell A. 1974. The Orthomolecular Treatment of Cancer. II. Clinical Trial of High-Dose Ascorbic Acid Supplements in Advanced Human Cancer. Chemical-Biological Interactions 9:4, 285-315.

41.Cameron E. 1976. Supplemental Ascorbate in the Supportive Treatment of Cancer: Prolongation of Survival Times in Terminal Human Cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 73:10, 3685-3689.

42.Cameron E & Pauling L. 1978. Supplemental Ascorbate in the Supportive Treatment of Cancer.

43.Cameron E & Pauling L. 1979. Cancer and Vitamin C. Linus Pauling Institute. Revolution of Prolongation of Survival Times in Terminal Haaaa Cancer. PNAS 75: 4538-42.

44.Cameron E. 1987. The Vitamin C and Cancer Story: A Personal Perspective. In: Nutrition, Health and Peace. Pauling Symposia. Vol I. Linus Pauling Institute. Jariwalla RJ, Schwoebel SL (eds).

45.Castelli WP. 1986. Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease and Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels. The Framingham Study. JAMA 256: 2835-38. -1,0

46. Cathcart RF. 1981. Vitamin C Titrating to Bowel Tolerance, Anascorbemia, and Actue Induced Scurvy. Medical Hypotheses 7: 1359-76.

47. Cathcart RF. 1984. Vitamin C in the Treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Medical Hypotheses. 14:423-33.

48. Cathcart RF. 1988. AIDS Treatment Using Ascorbic Acid. Townsend Letter for Doctors.

49. Cathcart RF. 1989. Letter. Personal Communication.

50. Challem JJ. 1983. Vitamin D Updated. Keats Publishing.

51. Charleston SS & Clegg KM. 1972. Ascorbic Acid and the Common Cold. The Lancet 1: 140.

52. Cheraskin E, Ringsdorf WM, Jr. 1964. Vitamin C State in a Dental School Patient Population. Journal of the Southern California State Dental Association. 32:10, 375-378.

53. Cheraskin E et al. 1968. Effect of Diet Upon Radiation Response in Cervical Carcinoma & Uterus: A Preliminary Report. Cyptologica 12: 433-438.

54. Cheraskin E, Ringsdorf WM & Sisley E. 1983. The Vitamin C Connection. Getting well and stayin well with Vitamin C. Harper & Row.

55. Chope HD & Breslow L. 1955. Nutritional Status of the Aging American. J Public Health 46: 61-7.

56. Choroka PB. 1988. Cancer 1988. Is a Healing Peace in the Government's War on Cancer Finally at Hand?

57. Cohen AM, Bavly S, Poznanski R. 1961. Change of Diet of Yemenite Jews in Relation to Diabetes and Ishaemic Heart-Disease. The Lancet 2:1399-1401.

58. Cortinovis et al A. 1960. Ascorbic Acid and Atherosclerosis Giornale di Gerontologia (Firenze), vol.8:pp.28-31.

59. Cousins N. 1983. The Healing Heart. Norton.

60. Cox MA. 1981. Oxycal vs Arthritis. Ralph Tanner Associates.

61. Creagan et al. 1979. Failure of High-Dose Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Therapy to Benefit Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Controlled Trial. New England Journal of Medicine 301:13, 687-690.

62. Dahl H, Degre M. 1976. The Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Production of Human Interferon and the Antiviral Activity In Vitro. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica. 84:5, 280-284.

63. Dainow I. 1943. Treatment of Herpes Zoster with Vitamin C. Dermatologia, vol.68:pp.197-201.

64. Dalton WL. 1962. Massive Doses of Vitamin C in the Treatment of Viral Diseases. Journal Indiana State Medical Association, vol.55:pp.1151-1154.

65. Davies S & Stewart A. 1987. Nutritional Medicine. Pan Books.

66. Dawson EB, Harris WA, Rankin WE, Charpentier LA, McGanity WJ. 1987. Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Male Fertility. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vl.498.

67. Deeniham MJ. 1989. Acute Oral Toxicity. Toxicology Laboratory Services, Northview Pacific Laboratories Inc.

68. Degkwitz E. 1987. Some Effects of Vitamin C May Be Indirect, Since It Affects the Blood Levels of Cortisol and Thyroid Hormones. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

69. Dent et al FM American Journal of Physiology, vol.163:p.700.1950.

70. Di Fabio A. 1982. Rheumatoid Diseases Cured at Last. Rheumatoid Disease Foundation.

71. Di Fabio A. 1988. The Art of Getting Well. Rheumatoid Disease Foundation.

72. Diliberto EJ Jr, Menniti FS, Knoth J, Daniels AJ, Kizer JS, Viveros OH. Adrenomedullary Chromaffin Cells as a Model to Study the Neurobiology of Ascorbic Acid: From Monooxygenation to Neuromodulation. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

73. Dokter CE. 1983. Clinical Evaluation.

74. Erasmus U. 1986. Fats and Oils, the Complete Guide to Fats and Oils in Health and Nutrition. 1986 Alive Books Publishing.

75. Erasmus U. 1988. Fats that Heal Fats that Kill. Lecture. Cancer Control Society Convention.

76. Evans W. 1938. Vitamin C in Heart Failure. Lancet, vol.1:pp.308-309.

77. Federova EP. 1960. Long Term Ascorbic Acid Therapy for Patients with Coronary Atherosclerosis. Sovetskaia Meditsiana (Moskva), vol.25:pp.56-60.

78. Fidanza A, Audisio M, Mastroiacovo P. 1982. Vitamin C and Cholesterol, in Vitamin C: New Clinical Applications in Immunology, Lipid Metabolism, and Cancer, ed. A. Hanck. Hans Huber, Bern,pp.153-171.

79. Free V, Sanders P. 1978. The Use of Ascorbic Acid and Mineral Supplements in the Detoxification of Narcotic Addicts. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry 7:4, 264-270.

80. Furth A & Harding J. 1989. Why Sugar is Bad for You. New Scientist. 23 Sept., 44-7.

81. Gale ET, Thewlis MW. 1953. Vitamin C and P in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease. Geriatrics, vol.8:pp.80-87.

82. Gey KF, Stahelin HB, Evans A. Relationship of Plasma Level of Vitamin C to Mortality from Ischmic Heart Disease. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

83. Ginter et al E. 1969. The Effect of Chronic Hypovitaminosis C on the Metabolism of Cholesterol and Atherogenesis in Guinea Pigs. Journal of Atherosclerosis Research, vol. 10; pp.341-352.

84. Ginter E. 1973. Cholesterol: Vitamin C Controls Its Transformation to Bile Acids. Science 179:74, 702-704.

85. Ginter E et al. 1977. `Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Plasma Cholesterol in Humans in a Long-Term Experiment.' International Journal of Vitamin Nutrition Research 47(2):123-134.

86. Ginter E. 1980. The Role of Vitamin C in Lipid Metabolism. Presented at a symposium entitled `Vitamin C-Its Pharmacologic Activity and Nutritional Aspects,' Mexico City, Mexico, National Commission of Fruiticulture.

87. Ginter E. 1982. Vitamin C in the Control of Hypercholesteremia in Man, in Vitamin C: New Clinical Applications in Immunolgy, Lipid Metabolism, and Cancer, ed. A. Hanck. Hans Huber, Bern, pp.137-152.

88. Ginter E, Jurcovincova M. Chronic Vitamin C Deficiency Lowers Fractional Catabolic Rate of Low-Density Lipoproteins in Guinea Pigs. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

89. Gkembotski CC. The Role of Ascorbic Acid in the Biosynthesis of the Neuroendocrine Peptides a-MSHd TRH. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New york Academy of Sciences. Vol. 498.

90. Goertz E. 1986. Clinical Data on Ester-C. Report on 20 Cases.

91. Graham J & Odent M. 1986. The Z. Factor. How Zinc is Vital to Your Health. Thorsons.

92. Greer E. 1955. Vitamin C in Acute Poliomyelitis. Medical Times (Manhasset), vol.83:pp.1160-1161.

93. Griffith HW. 1988. Complete Guide to Vitamins Minerals & Supplements. Fisher.

94. Gsell O, Kalt F. 1954. Treatment of Epidemic Poliomyelitis with High Doses of Ascorbic Acid. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift, vol.84:pp.661-666.

95. Haid H. 1941. Vitamin C in Blood in Insulin Shock. Zeitschrift fur Klinische Medizin, vol.139:p.485.

96. Hallberg L, Brune M, Rossander-Hulthen L. Is There a Physiological Role of Vitamin C in Iron Absorption. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

97. Harakeh S & Jariwalla RJ. 1989. Suppression of HIV Replication and Virus Infectivity In Vitro By Ascorbate. Manuscript. Submitted.

98.Harris A, Robinson AB, Pauling L. 1973. Blood Plasma L-Ascorbic Acid Concentration for Oral L-Ascorbic Acid Dosage up to 12 Grams per Day. International Research Communications System, page 19, December.

99. Hausman P. 1987. The Right Dose. How to Take Vitamins & Minerals Safely. Rodale Press.

100. Hay LL. 1984. You Can Heal Your Life. Eden Grove.

101. Heikkila RE, Manzino L. Ascorbic Acid, Redox Cycling, Lipid Peroxidation and the Binding of Dopamine Receptor Antagonists. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

102. Herbert V, Jacob E. 1974. Destruction of Vitamin B by Ascorbic Acid. Journal of the American Medical Association 230:241-242.

103. Hogenkamp HPC. 1980. The Interaction Between Vitamin B and Vitamin C. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33:1, 1-3.

104. Holden M, Resnick RJ. 1936. In Vitro Action of Synthetic Crystalline Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) on Herpes Virus. Journel of Immunology, vol.31:pp.455-462.

105. Holden M, Molloy E. 1937. Further Experiments on Inactivation of Herpes by Vitamin C (1-ascorbic acid). Ibid., vol.33:pp.251-257.

106. Hornig G, Weiser H, Weber F & Wiss (O). 1973. Effect of massive Doses of Ascorbic Acid on its Catabolism & Guinea Pigs. Inter. J. Vit. & Nutrition Res 43(1) 28-33.

107. Hornig D. Recent advances in Vitamin C Metabolism. 1974. In: Second Conferemce on Vitamin C. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 91-103.

108. Horrobin DF, Manku MS, Oka M, Morgan RO, Cunnane SC, Ally AI, Ghayur T, Schweitzer M, Karmaki RA. 1979. The Nutritional Regulation of T Lymphocyte Function. Medical Hypotheses 5:969-985.

109. Horrobin DF, Oka M, Manku MS. 1979. The Regulation of Prostaglandin E1 Formation: A Candidate for One of the Fundamental Mechanisms Involved in the Actions of Vitamin C. Medical Hypotheses 5:849-858.

110. Houston RG. 1987. Repression and Reform in the Evaluation of Alternative Cancer Therapies. 1987.

111. Hume & Weyers E. 1973. Changes in Leucocyte Ascorbic Acid during the Common Cold. Scottish Medical J. 18, 3-7.

112. Ibric LLV, Sevanian A. Effects of Ascorbic and Dehydroascorbic Acids on lipid Composition of C H/1OT Cells. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

113. Jacob RA, Omaye ST, Skala JH, Leggott PJ, Rothman DL, Murray PA. Experimental Vitamin C Depletion and Supplementation in Young Men: In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

114. Jaffe RM, Kasten B, Young DS, MacLowry JD. 1975. False-Negative Stool Occult Blood Tests Caused by Ingestion of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C). Annals of Intenal Medicine 83:6, 824-826.

115. Jaffe RM, Lawrence L, Schmid A, MacLowry JD 1979. Inhibition by Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) of Chemical Detection of Blood in Urine. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 72:3, 468-470.

116. Jaffe RM, Zierdt W. 1979. A New Occult Blood Test Not Subject to False-Negative Results from Reducing Substances. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 93:5, 879-886.

117. Jariwalla RJ, Schwoebel SL (eds). 1987. Nutrition, Health and Peace. Pauling Symposia. Vol I. Linus Pauling Institute.

118. Johnson GE, Obenshain SS. 1981. Nonresponsiveness of Serum High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol to High Dose Ascorbic Acid Administration in Normal Men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34:2088-2091.

119. Jungeblut CW. 1935. Inactivation of Poliomyelitis Virus by Crystalline Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid). Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.62:pp. 517-521.

120. Jungeblut CW. 1939. Further Observations on Vitamin C Therapy in Experimental Poliomyelitis. Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.65: pp.127-146. 1937. Ibid., vol.66:pp.459-477, 1937. Ibid., vol.70:pp.315-332.

121. Jungeblut, CW. A Further Contribution to the Vitamin C Therapy in Experimental Poliomyelitis. Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol 70: p.327. 1939.

12. Kallner A. Requirement for Vitamin C Based on Metabolic Studies. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

123. Kapeghian JC & Verlangieri AJ. 1984. The Effects of Glucose on Ascorbic Acid Uptake in Heart Endothelial Cells: Possible Pathogenesis of Diabetic Angiopathies. Life Sciences, 34: 577-84.

124. Katz SM, DiSilvio TV. 1973. Ascorbic Acid Effects on Serum Glucose Values. Journal of the American Medical Association 224:5, 628.

125. Kirchmair H. 1957. Treatment of Epidemic Hepatitis in Children with High Doses of Ascorbic Acid. Medizinische Monatschrift, vol. 11:pp. 353-357. 1957. Epidemic Hepatitis in Children. Deutsche Gesundheitwesen, vol.12:pp.773-774. 1957. Epidemic Hepatitis in Children and Its Treatment with High Doses of Ascorbic Acid. Ibid., vol. 12: pp. 1525-1536. 1957.

126. Klenner FR. 1948. Virus Pneumonia and Its Treatment with Vitamin C. Southern Medicine and Surgery, vol.110: pp.34-46.

127. Klenner FR. The Treatment of Poliomyelitis and Other Virus Diseases with Vitamin C. Southern Medicine and Surgery, vol. 111: pp. 209-214. 1949. Massive Doses of Vitamin C and the Virus Diseases. Ibid., vol. 113: pp. 101-107. 1951. The Vitamin and Massage Treatment for Acute Poliomyelitis. Ibid., vol. 114: pp. 194-197. 1952. The Use of Vitamin C as an Antibiotic. Journal of Applied Nutrition, vol 6: pp. 274-278. 1953. The Folly in the Continued Use of a Killed Polio Virus Vaccine. Tri-State Medical Journal, pp. 1-8. Feb. 1959.

128. Klenner FR. 1951. Massive Doses of Vitamin C and the Viral Diseases. Southern Medicine and Surgery 113:101-107.

129. Klenner FR. 1971. Observations on the Dose and Administration of Ascorbic Acid When Employed Beyond the Range of a Vitamin in Human Pathology. Journal of Applied Nutrition 23:3-4, 61-88.

130. Kligler IJ, Bernkopf H. 1937. Inactivation of Vaccinia Virus by Ascorbic Acid and Glutathione. Nature, vol. 139:pp.965-966.

131. Kolmakov VN 1957. Effect of Vitamin C on Hypercholesterolmia in Fasting Rabbits. Voprosy Meditsinskoi Khimii (Moskva), vol.3:pp.414-419.

132. Lamden MP, Chrystowski GA. 1954. Urinary Oxalate Excretion by Man Following Ascorbic Acid Ingestion. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 85:190-192.

133. Langenbusch W, Enderling A. 1937. Einfluss der Vitamine auf das Virus der Maul-und Klavenseuch. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, vol.140:pp.112-115.

134. Lee W, Davis KA, Rettmer LR, Labbe RF. 1988. Ascorbic Acid Status: Biochemical and Clinical Considerations. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 48: 286-90.

135. Leibovitz B. 1984. Carnitine: The Vitamin B Phenomenon. Dell, New York.

136. Levine M & Morita K. 1985. Ascorbic Acid in Endocrine systems. In: Vitamins and Hormones. Vol 42. Academic Press.

137. Levine M, Morita K, Heldman & Pollard HB. 1985. Ascorbic Acid Regulation of Norephinephrine Biosynthesis in Isolated Chromaffin Granules from Bovine Adrenal Medulla. J. Biol. Chem.. 260 (29): 15598-15603.

138. Levine M. 1986. New Concepts in the Biology and Biochemistry of Ascorbic Acid. The New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 314 No. 14: 892-902.

139. Levine M. 1986. Ascorbic Acid Specifically Enhances Dopamine Monooxygenase Activity in Resting and Stimulated Chromaffin Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 261(16): 7347-56.

140. Levine M, Hartzell W. 1987. Ascorbic Acid: The Concept of Optimum Requirements. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

141. Lohmann W. Ascorbic Acid and Cancer. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

142. Lojkin M. 1936. Contributions of the Boyce Thompson Institute, vol.8, No.4. LF Martin. Proceedings Third International Congress of Microbiology, New York, 1940, p.281.

143. Lominski I. 1936. Inactivation du bacteriophage par l'acide ascorbique. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de Ses Filliales (Paris),vol.122:pp.766-768.

144. Marcus M, Prabhudesai M, Wassef S. 1980. Stability of Vitamin B in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid in Food and Serum: Restoration by Cyanide of Apparent Loss. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33:137-143.

145. Marcus, M. 1981. `Vitamin B12: Response to Dr. Herbert.' The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34:1622-1624.

146. Markham RG. 1989. Compositions and Methods for Administering Vitamin C. United States Patent No. 4,822,816.

147. Martin S & Chaitow L. 1988. A World Without Aids. Thorsons.

148. Mayson JS, Schumaker O, Nakamura RM. 1972. False-Negative Tests for Urinary Glucose in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 58:3, 297-299.

149. McCormick WJ. 1957. Coronary Thrombosis. A New Concept of Mechanism and Etiology. Clinical Medicine, pp.839-845.

150. Melethil S, Subrahmanyam MB, Chang CJ, Mason WD. Megadoses of Vitamin C: A Pharmacokinetic Evaluation. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

151. Menten ML, King CG. 1935. The Influence of Vitamin C Level upon Resistance to Diptheria Toxin. Journal of Nutrition. vol.10:pp.141-153.

152. Milner JE. 1980. Ascorbic Acid in the Prevention of Chromium Dermatitis. Journal of Occupational Medicine 22:1, 51-52.

153. Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Creagan ET, Rubin J, O'Connell MJ, Ames MM. 1985. High-Dose Vitamin C versus Placebo in the Treatment of Patients with Advanced Cancer Who Had No Prior Chemotherapy. New England Journal of Medicine 312:137-141.

154. Morishige F, Murata A. Prolongation of Survival Times in Terminal Human Cancer by Administration of Supplemental Ascorbate. Journal of the International Academy of Preventive Medicine 5:1, 47-52, 1978.

155. Morishige F, Murata A. 1978. Vitamin C for Prophylaxis of Viral Hepatitis B in Transfused Patients. Journal of the International Academy of Preventive Medicine 5:54-58.

156. Mueller L. 1989. Dysplasia's End. Outdoor Life. April.

157. Mumma RO. 1968. Ascorbic Acid as a Sulfating Agent. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol.165:pp.571-573. Mumma RO, Verlangieri AJ. 1971. In Vivo Sulfation of Cholesterol by Ascorbic Acid 3-Sulfate as a Possible Explanation for the Hypocholestemic Effects of Ascorbic Acid. Federation Proceedings, vol.30, No.2.

158. Murata A. 1975. Virucidal Activity of Vitamin C: Vitamin C for Prevention and Treatment of Viral Diseases. Proceedings of the First Intersectional Congress of Microbiological Societies, Science Council of Japan 3:432-442.

159. Nahata MC, McLeod. 1978. Noneffect of Oral Ascorbic Acid on Urinary Copper Reduction Glucose Test. Diabetes Care 1:1, 34-35.

160. Newmark HL, 1976. Stability of Vitamin B in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 29:6, 645-649.

161. Niki E. Interaction of Ascorbate and a-Tocopherol. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

162. Omaye ST, Schaus EE, Kutnink MA, Hawkes WC. Measurement of Vitamin C in Blood Components by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Implication in Assessing Vitamin C Status. In: Third Conference on Vitamin C. 1987. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol.498.

163. Paez de la Torre JM. 1945. Ascorbic Acid in Measles. Archives Argentinos do Pediatria, vol.24:pp.225-227. Paterson JC. 1941. Some Factors in the Causation of Intimal Hemorrhages and in the Precipitation of Coronary Thrombi. Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 44: pp.114-120.

164. Pauling L. 1970. Vitamin C the Common Cold & the Flu. Berkley.

165. Pauling L. et al. 1985. Effect of Ascorbic Acid on the Incidence of Spontaneous Mammary Tumors in RIII PNAS 82:5185-89

166. Pauling L. 1986. How to Live Longer and Feel Better. Avon Books.

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168. Pfeiffer CC. 1987. Mental illness and Schizophrenia. The Nutrition Connection. Thorsons.

169. Pfleger R, Scholl F. 1937. Diabetes and Vitamin C. Wiener Archiv fur Innere Medizin, vol.31:PP.219-229.

170. Prauer, HW 1971. Vitamin C and Tests for Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 284:23, 1328.

171. Prinz Wetal. 1977. The Effect of Ascorbic Acid Supplementation on Some Parameters of Human Immunological Defence System. Int. J. Vit. & Nut. Research 47, 248-56.

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174. Rineheart JF, Mettier SR. 1934. The Heart Valves and Muscle in Experimental Scurvy with Superimposed Infection. American Journal of Pathology. vol.10: pp.61-79.

175. Ringsdorf WM, JR, Cheraskin E. 1978. Lingual Ascorbic Acid Test. Quintessence International 12:1707, 81-85.

176. Ringsdorf WM, Jr, Cheraskin E. 1979. Vitamin C and the Metabolism of Analgesic, Antipyretic, and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: A Review. Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences. 16:3, 217-220.

177. Ringsdorf WM Jr, Cheraskin E. 1982. Vitamin C and Human Wound Healing. Oral Surgery 53:231-236.

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Vitamin C - The Master Nutrient

VITAMIN C - THE MASTER NUTRIENT

Preface    | Foreword | Introduction | Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 | Chapter 3 | Chapter 4 | Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 | Chapter 8 | Chapter 9 | Chapter 10 | Chapter 11 | Chapter 12 | Chapter 13 | Bibliography


Vitamin C and Optimal Health


Who is NOT interested in achieving the OPTIMUM in every aspect of their life and that of their loved ones? It is an absurdity to imagine that ANYONE would willingly choose ill-health, disease and suffering, rather than vibrant health, happiness and prosperity. Given the unique determinants of who we are and what our particular situation is, what can we do to create what we really want in all aspects of our lives? The answer goes far beyond any single component alone – diet, supplements, subtle energies, exercise, spiritual work – and yet must embrace an individually determined synergistic totality of all these elements. Despite the multitude of advertising claims emanating from an almost limitless source of products, services and psychological and spiritual practices, the "magical" answer to whatever you want in your life will not be the latest vitamin or mineral discovery that comes in a bottle, or the newest form of spiritual awareness practice, or the most sophisticated form of food abstinence or combining dietary regime. Any or all of these products may be instrumental, indeed essential to your goal, but in the final analysis, it is YOU who plans, decides and implements your own life path.
Each one of us is unique in so many ways – genetically, metabolically, nutritionally, emotionally, spiritually – the combination of food and lifestyle which works for a Norman Cousins(59) or a Louise Hay(100) will not necessarily work for you. And, the proof of the wisdom of these and many more individuals, including authors Cheraskin(54) and Pauling(166), is that they emphatically recommend that each person discover and develop what works for them. There are general guidelines of diet, supplements and exercise which are a good place from which to start. This book has considered in great detail many of the therapeutic aspects of Vitamin C, one invaluable component to almost any health and life enhancing regime. This chapter will consider some of the other vital ingredients and practices which together might constitute and/or supplement your personal programme to optimal well-being.

Attitude Toward Health and Practitioners
_______________________________

Your role in your health programme is most crucial. Are you simply the body that gets sick, and the doctor the one who heals you? Do you follow your doctor's orders religiously without even questioning what he is prescribing for you? Do you know the potential side effects of medications you are taking, and what would happen if you didn't take them? Do you participate in formulating your own health care regime? Do you exercise the same degree of consumer awareness, common sense and discrimination in choosing your practitioner as you do in buying a carpet, a stereo, or even considering the colour and design of new wallpaper?

It is truly shocking that many people place themselves totally in the hands of their doctors and completely abdicate responsibility for their own health. There is a belief that doctors, by virtue of their training, know everything about everyone. The idea of questioning or even having a conversation about any proposed treatment with one's doctor is considered almost heresy. Yet, doctors are the first to admit that they are fallible, human, overworked, do not have adequate time to look into many contributory aspects of illness, and are not generally trained in nutrition, counselling, bereavement, etc. What do we expect of doctors? They are not superhuman. How can they know more about ourselves than we do? They have not lived within our bodies. Doctors generally are well-trained and technically proficient within their particular speciality. The best physicians are also superbly humane, compassionate, empathetic and realize that the efficacy of their medicine depends to a large degree upon the patient's state of mind, will to live and other intangible qualities.

One of the most important components in your health programme is your choice of health practitioner(s). The form of this could vary enormously, from a single general practitioner or orthomolecular physician to a team of complementary therapists upon whom you call upon as necessary. It is wise to build a good support network in all aspects of your life – including health. The paradigm of health care which appears optimal, in my opinion, would place the individual in the centre of a circle, surrounded by the entire range of health options available, including twentieth century sophisticated technology, traditional herbs, nutritional and botanical medicine, acupuncture, homeopathy, counselling and spiritual healing. The most appropriate therapies would be arrived at by a "matching" of the components of these therapies with the individual's condition, his nature and personality. The day is eagerly awaited when consultations across health disciplines can cross fertilize and optimize the course of treatment for the individual concerned, who might choose to take Vitamin C, homeopathic remedies and healing to counterbalance the trauma of a serious operation.

Your health programme ought to include numerous elements – diet(234), supplements, exercise, relaxation. At times when stressed you might need additional therapeutic support – massage, chiropractic, acupuncture, homeopathy, counselling, aromatherapy. YOU are at the centre of your life. Only you can make the decisions about what therapy and which therapist to choose. And although personal recommendations may be invaluable, only you can determine, perhaps with difficulty, whether what you are choosing is working. Except in cases of dire mortal illness, we can usually choose another option. If we are "terminally" ill, we can still make decisions which affect the quality of the remainder of our lives, and strive to make peace with ourselves and feel gratitude for the many blessings we have experienced. To be realistic, in one sense we are all "terminal", and to live each day of our lives with this recognition would enhance the planet immeasurably. The following health practice information is put forward for your consideration, contemplation and perhaps your consumption, if you see fit. None of it should be regarded as rigid – merely as guidelines.

General Dietary Guidelines
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There are a multitude of diets each of which espouse a particular way of considering, preparing and eating food(135). These range from the high carbohydrate, low protein, low fat Pritikin diet, the raw food Gerson cancer diet, the brown rice and vegetable, yin/yang balanced Macrobiotic cancer diet, vegetarian diets, to simple low calorie starvation diets. What you eat represents a lot more than simply calories or biochemical nutrients – it also constitutes the nuts and bolts which build your body. The old computer adage "garbage in – garbage out" applies especially to the food which you eat. Its quality and freshness will nourish more than your hunger pangs. It goodness will reverberate onto more subtle levels of your being, and provide the sustenance to build and maintain a strong, healthy body. The following are a series of sensible dietary guidelines which will hopefully enhance both your health and happiness:

1. Eat a wide variety of food, especially fruits, vegetables, nuts and grains, which you enjoy. Buy produce which is free of pesticides or other toxic chemicals.

2. Prepare food in ways that do not deplete nutrients. Steam vegetables or eat them raw.

3. Eat more fish and chicken than red meats.

4. Eat butter rather than margarine; virgin and cold-pressed oils for salads and frying.

5. Drastically reduce consumption of or avoid altogether, sugar, coffee and alcohol. Do not smoke.

6. Discover your particular food allergies and avoid those foods.

7. Enjoy and celebrate food, present your meals in an aesthetically pleasing manner and eat with appreciation and gratitude.

Supplements
___________

There seem to be two extreme, "all or nothing" views regarding supplementation:

1. Take every vitamin, mineral, amino acid in creation – the more the merrier and in particular combination formulae;

2. No supplements – get all nutrients from food;

Somewhere between these extremes probably lies the sensible answer for most people. In an ideal world, with pristine water, environment, stress-free, we COULD perhaps obtain what we need from our food. However, as we all know, our world is far from ideal – our water and air are fouled with pollution, toxic chemicals, our soil is depleted of vital minerals and nutrients. The prepared food we buy is refined and processed out of most of its nutritional value. The jobs we have and lifestyles we lead create health-destroying stress, contributing to further deterioration of our health. Fascinating research isrevealing how our state of mind can influence almost every organ system in the body. Even parameters of how we utilize Vitamin C can apparently be modulated by our state of mind. For example, Dr. Russell Jaffe recounts the finding that the half-life of Vitamin C is 4 days rather than 4 hours in his friend, a 108 year old Buddhist monk (Personal Communication).

The following are merely general guidelines of supplements. Explore and validate your personal supplement regime with an othomolecular physician. Due to the complex interactions amongst the various vitamins and minerals, it is important to REALLY know what nutrients you ought to take at any particular time. Also, as your condition changes you may want to vary the nature of your supplementation programme.

Vitamins
________

Vitamin A (or Beta Carotene) – 25,000 I.U.

Vitamin B Complex – 25 – 50 mg.

Vitamin C – 3 – 6 gm.

Vitamin E – 500 – 1000 I.U. – Note that the most effective form of Vitamin E is the Unesterified Mixed Tocopherol Concentrate. Esterified, d-alpha tocopheryl acetate, or synthetic dl forms of Vitamin E are not fully effective as an antioxidant.


Minerals
_______

Take a balanced multi-mineral supplement, including macro and trace minerals.

Zinc – 25 – 50 mg

Essential Fatty Acids
_______________

Essential fatty acid supplement – linoleic, linolenic, Evening Primrose Oil, Fish oil.

Other Useful Substances, as Required
_____________________________

Amino Acids
Ginseng
Royal Jelly
Herbs and Chinese Herbs
Bach Flowers
Homeopathic Remedies
Essential Oils

Exercise
______

To view exercise as mere activity to burn off calories or keep your cardiovascular system fit is short-changing yourself. With the entire spectrum of recreational activities on tap, it should be possible to choose activities you genuinely RELISH and do them with gusto. Whether it be dancing, walking, golf, tennis, skiing or trampoline bouncing to music, enjoyment is an added bonus which significantly benefits both health and psyche. Exercise, in addition to its cardiovascular benefits, also strengthens the immune system and releases beneficial neurohormones which aid in relaxation.

Walking, especially while taking deep breaths, is a time-honoured tonic to mind body and spirit. While certain individuals may crave and even require the physical exhaustion that marathon runs engender, every person is unique. Exercises such as walking, yoga and Tai Chi can be combined with relaxation and meditation practices to enhance the beneficial effects to health.

Emotional and Spiritual Well-Being
__________________________________

How we feel about ourselves, our self-esteem, our ability to cope with daily living situations – these have a tremendous influence upon our health, our happiness, even our financial prosperity. The medical literature abounds with correlations between the stresses of lifestyle changes, divorce and bereavement and the detrimental effects to our health. Profiles of Type A personalities being more prone to heart attacks, the assessment of personality profiles for other diseases such as cancer, and even the esoteric causes of illnesses are being compiled(100). Norman Cousins in his book "The Healing Heart"(59) graphically describes how overwhelming feelings of panic can be when even someone like himself, a so-called expert in positive mental attitude, is faced with a life-threatening illness.

On a practical level, what can we do when we get angry, frustrated or devastated? Very often the people who need to cry most are those who are unable to, those who need to vent their anger insist they are never angry, or the people who are loneliest retreat deeper and deeper into solitude. Our feelings and aspirations are an integral part of who we are and to disown or disavow them is to kill a beautiful component of our life. Expressing our rage in ways that don't harm others, sharing our vulnerability and hopelessness, being courageous to be ourselves, these are practices which will certainly be reflected in our greater health and happiness.

Vitamin C and Ester-CR Ascorbate Compared
____________________________________

The market place abounds with a variety of forms of Vitamin C: plain ascorbic acid in crystals, tablets, capsules or timed-release capsules; mineral ascorbates (sodium and calcium ascorbate); food or "natural" sources of Vitamin C: Sago Palm, Rose Hips Acerola, Beet, Citrus. Once inside the body's biochemical factory, these are all the same substance – Vitamin C. The experts such as Linus Pauling and Robert Cathcart have been arguing this for years, and yet some consumers are being persuaded to pay significantly more for "natural source" Vitamin C. There is a difference with Ester-CR ascorbate, because Ester-C is the only form of Vitamin C which has included naturally-occurring, body-ready metabolites, metabolites, which enhance and potentize the effects of Vitamin C.

The pharmaceutical promise of these metabolites is only in its infancy. It is quite possible that in the future we will be able to purchase metabolites which may have modulating effects upon other substances in addition to Vitamin C.

 

Seeing More Clearly: Vitamin C and Cataracts
___________________________________

Recent biochemical and epidemiological research reveals that Vitamin C may be a significant protective factor in preventing cataract formation, and in promoting healthy eye tissues(141). Ascorbic acid levels are high in ocular tissues, and Vitamin C has been postulated to act as a protector against oxidation and free radical damage. In fact, with progessing cataract, Vitamin C levels decline, not from a reduction in the supply of ascorbic acid, but rather due to a rapid oxidation of Vitamin C.

It has been known that during autoxidation of ascorbic acid solutions, the colour changes from transparent to dark brown, very much like to the changes observed in lenses during cataract formation. Reports from University of Western Ontario compared 175 cataract patients with 175 age-and sex-matched cataract-free controls. The only significant difference between the groups was their intake of Vitamins E and C. Vitamin E intake was associated with a 56% lower cataract risk, while Vitamin C intake correlated with a 70% lower risk than those who took no vitamins. These human studies confirm results from earlier animal studies which demonstrated the protective effects of Vitamin E against cataract formation in diabetic rats. Another epidemiological study showed that high levels of anti-oxidants Vitamins E, C and beta carotene exerted a protective effect against cataract formation.

Thus, the benefits of Vitamin C may actually be visible, as well as tangible and palpable.

 

A Final Word About Vitamin C
____________________________

For all of Vitamin C's considerable therapeutic properties, it is not a panacea that will automatically cure all ills. Having said this, however, it is hard to think of any other substance which is superior to Vitamin C in its preventive and therapeutic capacities. Here we have a safe, natural, inexpensive and integral component of many of the body's systems which manages our cholesterol levels, strengthens the immune system, builds stronger bones, modulates our hormones, reverses heart disease and kills viruses, even the deadly AIDS virus. Plain ascorbic acid, timed release ascorbic acid, mineral ascorbates, Ester-CR ascorbate – tailor your choice of Vitamin C upon your personal needs and experience, but don't leave home without it!

 

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Vitamin C - The Master Nutrient

VITAMIN C - THE MASTER NUTRIENT

Preface    | Foreword | Introduction | Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 | Chapter 3 | Chapter 4 | Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 | Chapter 8 | Chapter 9 | Chapter 10 | Chapter 11 | Chapter 12 | Chapter 13 | Bibliography


How Much Do You Need?


The Dosage Controversy
___________________

There is an extreme difference between the 45-60 mg Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)(179) and the 10, 20 or more GRAMS of Vitamin C suggested to therapeutically treat various illnesses(46). The very low RDAs are the amounts of Vitamin C which have been shown to prevent overt scurvy, and without this low amount of Vitamin C, humans will die.

It is very difficult to calculate or even measure our state of health, because it is in constant fluctuation, according to a number of parameters: exposure to pathogens (viruses, bacteria); exposure to allergens; physical and emotional stresses, dietary abuse (too much sugar, caffeine, alcohol, etc.). Also, our emotional and psychological sense of well-being affects so many of the body's metabolic processes.

The myth that almost everybody believes, even in the face of extensive clinical evidence to the contrary, is that the body can only store a limited amount of Vitamin C, and it is a waste of money to take any more than this amount, since it will only be excreted in the urine. The truth is that our bodily reserves of Vitamin C fluctuate according to how much is needed to buttress the immune system, scavenge free radicals, regulate cholesterol and sugar metabolism, repair wounds, etc. etc.

Accordingly to Dr. Robert Cathcart, a well-nourished person would normally have more than 5 grams of Vitamin C in their body(46). Most individuals' Vitamin C levels are far below this level, placing them at substantial "risk for many problems related to failure of metabolic processes dependent upon ascorbate". In fact, the list of problems Dr. Cathcart suggests may become exascerbated with "severe depletion of ascorbate" is considerable: immune disorders; rheumatoid arthritis; allergic reactions; chronic infections; scarlet fever; blood coagulation processes; heart and blood pressure conditions; stress-coping mechanisms of the adrenals; impaired wound healing of conditions such as bed sores, hernias; spinal disc degeneration; nervous system and even psychiatric disorders; cancers.

Thus, in an optimal state of health, lack of stress, etc., an individual's bodily requirement for Vitamin C could be in balance with his dietary and supplementary intake. However, if this person suffered from hay fever and was exposed to rag weed, or if (s)he came down with a nasty cold, his/her immune system would require many times more Vitamin C in order to restore his/her good health. In other words, when under severe stress, the body can literally "soak up" Vitamin C, which at other times it wouldn't need.

While it is clear that there can be NO hard and fast rule about exactly how much Vitamin C to take for your particular momentary state of health, Drs. Linus Pauling(166), Emanuel Cheraskin(54) and others give APPROXIMATE guidelines in advising the intake of 1-3-5 g per day. But really the ABSOLUTE BEST way to know how much Vitamin C you need is to ASK YOUR BODY!

And this is what the "Bowel Tolerance Technique" is about: titrating your individual body chemistry at any particular moment in time to ascertain how much Vitamin C you need. This method was developed by Dr. Robert Cathcart(46), who has extensive clinical experience with Vitamin C, (more than 13,000 patients), and who has used Vitamin C to therapeutically treat a large list of conditions including colds, hepatitis, mononucleosis, cancer and AIDS.

The Bowel Tolerance Technique
_____________________________

This method takes advantage of the body's way of showing you when you have taken enough Vitamin C, i.e. diarrhoea occurs. This is because when there is a concentrated solution (say of Vitamin C) in the intestinal cells, this pulls water in from the surrounding cells, loosening the stool and producing diarrhoea(28). Diarrhoea only occurs in response to the excess Vitamin C that reaches the intestines and is not absorbed by the body(46). In other words, when you have exceeded the level of how much Vitamin C you need at a particular time, your body lets you know by producing diarrhoea. Therefore, the optimum level of Vitamin C to take is just short of this "bowel tolerance" or diarrhoea causing level.

The bowel tolerance level of your body will shift quite dramatically, depending upon how stressed your body is. It may range from 1 g or less when you are perfectly healthy to 20 or even 50 g when you have a very bad cold or influenza, or even 150-200 g for mononucleosus. It would be difficult to orally take 200 g; these high doses are achieved with both oral and intravenous doses of Vitamin C, administered by physicians such as Dr. Cathcart. Table 8 lists various conditions and their Vitamin C doses recommended by Dr. Cathcart:


Table 8: Usual Bowel Tolerance Doses
______________________________
Grams Vitamin C No. of Doses
Condition per 24 hours per 24 hours
______________________________

Normal 4-15 4
Mild Cold 30-60 6-10
Severe Cold 60-100 8-15
Influenza 100-150 8-20
ECHO, coxsackievirus 100-150 8-20
Mononucleosis 150-200 12-25
Viral Pneumonia 100-200 12-25
Hay Fever, Asthma 15-50 4-8
Environmental & Food Allergy 0.5-50 4-8
Burn, Injury, Surgery 25-150 6-20
Anxiety, Exercise, Mild Stresses 15-25 4-6
Cancer 15-100 4-15
Ankylosing Spondylitis 15-100 4-15
Reiter's Syndrome 15-60 4-10
Acute Anterior Uveitis 30-100 4-15
Rheumatoid Arthritis 15-100 4-15
Bacterial Infections 30-200 10-25
Infectious Hepatitis 30-100 6-15
Candida Infections 15-200 6-25

From Cathcart: "Vitamin C, Titrating to Bowel Tolerance, Anascorbemia and Acute Induced Scurvy". Medical Hypotheses: 7: 1359-76. 1981(46) .
__________________________________

How to Achieve Bowel Tolerance
______________________________

Bowel tolerance level is that level where "maximum relief of symptoms which can be expected with oral doses of ascorbic acid is obtained at a point just short of the amount which produces diarrhoea". Dr. Cathcart notes that effects upon acute symptoms do not occur until doses of 80-90% of bowel tolerance are reached. This means that if you take less Vitamin C than what your body actually needs, you may not notice dramatic or even any effects upon your symptoms. The small doses prescribed in many of clinical trials with colds did exert some effect, but probably not the optimal effect which could have been achieved with subjects being "pushed" to bowel tolerance.


It is relatively easy to determine your own bowel tolerance level. You may need to start gradually and build up to this level. Many people can absorb up to 10 g Vitamin C without diarrhoea; others have diarrhoea with only 1 g. Start taking 1-2 g Vitamin C 3 times per day, for a total daily dose of 3-6 g. After 1 week, slowly increase this amount to 4 daily doses, then 5, until you reach the point when cramps and loose stools occur. This will be very easy to notice. The amount that you have taken represents your bowel tolerance of Vitamin C at that particular time. It is important to take Vitamin C regularly throughout the day, at least 3 times daily. When you are ill, it may be necessary to take 1-2 gm each hour to experience relief. With some experience, you will be able to instinctively know how much Vitamin C to take, somewhere in between the amount that makes you feel good and the amount that causes diarrhoea. And you will surely notice that this level will increase dramatically when you are sick, and then return to normal when you are well. Taking Vitamin C to bowel tolerance level will mean that you will always be giving your body its optimum requirement of this vital nutrient.

The majority of people, perhaps 80-85%, tolerate Vitamin C without any difficulties; however a significant minority do suffer gastrointestinal upsets, including gas and diarrhoea. It should be borne in mind that often the underlying problem behind such gastric upsets is an unbalanced ecological flora, especially the overgrowth of organisms such as Candida albicans. Attention to, and restoration of the correct balance of intestinal flora will often enhance many aspects of a person's health, not merely their tolerance of Vitamin C.

The producers of buffered mineral ascorbates, including Ester-CR ascorbate, claim one of the advantages of their Vitamin C is that it produces less stomach and intestinal upset than ascorbic acid due to its buffered nature. The acidity of Vitamin C in the intestines, where absorption occurs, causes Vitamin C to be pushed out rapidly due to irritation of mucous membranes. Buffered Vitamin C does not produce this effect, although it does produce CO2 gas. Ester-CR ascorbate does not produce CO2 gas, since it has been bonded and pre-reacted during its synthesis.

Dr. Cathcart uses ascorbic acid, rather than buffered Vitamin C, initially in crystals rather than capsules, because he feels it has a stronger "punch"(49). Once experienced with crystals, patients "graduate" to capsules or tablets. Other physicians prefer buffered ascorbates such as Ester-CR ascorbate because of these digestive attributes. Because of the biochemical individuality, after trying various forms of Vitamin C, each person can usually decide which suits him or herself.

If you are persuaded by the evidence that Vitamin C can positively affect your health, you owe it to yourself to experience the optimum effect, which means going all the way to bowel tolerance level.

Other Methods to Determine Vitamin C Levels
____________________________________

Urine C-Strips
______________

There are a number of commercially available test papers which can providea good approximation of the level of your urinary Vitamin C concentration. With one of these, for example, C-StripsR (Wholesale Nutrition), Vitamin C turns the blue strips white. The number of seconds it takes for the strip to turn white can be converted to the concentration of urinary Vitamin C by reference to tables provided. There are also guidelines of optimum, borderline and "sick" ranges of Vitamin C urinary levels.

Urinary excretion levels are subject to considerable variation, and are thus
recommended as an APPROXIMATE rather than a PRECISE measure of body Vitamin C levels(54). They are a most important alarm indicator if they indicate NO detectable Vitamin C in the urine. This indicates that your body reserve of Vitamin C has been depleted, and should be replenished to afford you maximum health protection.


Laboratory Tests to Measure Plasma and Leukocyte Vitamin C Levels
_____________________________________________________

A reliable yet convenient indicator of Vitamin C levels is still being sought(134). Plasma(98) is considered to indicate metabolic turnover status of Vitamin C, while leukocyte concentrations are thought to provide a better measure of tissue stores of Vitamin C. However, Vitamin C utilization differs even within the different types of leukocyte cells (Mononuclear and Polymorphonuclear), and there is no easy or reliable correlation between plasma and leukocyte Vitamin C levels(26). It is more technically difficult to prepare these different leukocyte fractions than to simply assess plasma. Applications of techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)(19,162) will doubtless accelerate the development of a simple, easy and reliable test of Vitamin C concentration.

Intradermal Test
_____________


This somewhat painful, inconvenient and time-consuming procedure has also been used to measure tissue levels of Vitamin C. It involves injecting a dye solution to produce a wheal on the forearm, and timing how long it takes to be completely decolorized. Twenty minutes or less is a good result, from twenty to thirty minutes borderline, anything longer than thirty minutes is unacceptable(54). Not exactly the most friendly do-it-yourself technique; recommended only for those who enjoy sticking themselves with needles.

Lingual Ascorbic-Acid Test (LAAT)
_________________________________

This is a much more palatable measure of Vitamin C status. A drop (from a 25 gauge needle) of blue dye (2,6, dichloroindophenol sodium salt solution) is dropped onto the tip of the tongue. The time is takes for the dye to disappear is again a measure of Vitamin C status. Less than twenty seconds is good; between twenty to twenty-five seconds, marginal; longer than twenty-five seconds represents depletion of Vitamin C levels(54,175).

 

 

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Vitamin C - The Master Nutrient

VITAMIN C - THE MASTER NUTRIENT

Preface    | Foreword | Introduction | Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 | Chapter 3 | Chapter 4 | Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 | Chapter 8 | Chapter 9 | Chapter 10 | Chapter 11 | Chapter 12 | Chapter 13 | Bibliography


The New Super C


Many of us harbour stereotyped notions about the process of scientific discovery, images fostered and reinforced by an all-too-often theatrical and melodramatic media. We conjur up extreme visions ranging from the diabolical, mad scientist, so obsessed with research that no time is left even for eating or other "normal" activities, to the opposite boring image of the spectacled, white-coated brilliant automaton, incapable of speaking phrases apart from complex equations and Einsteinian theories, devoid of all feeling.

These far-fetched beliefs about scientists and their work would be quickly replaced by a more authentic picture by spending time in any university laboratory - biology, chemistry, physics, and noticing the characteristics and quirks possessed by the researchers working on their respective projects.

Scientific research and discovery is about solving problems and puzzles. When the problem has been solved, the results of any discoveries then become part of a manufacturing or production process, which ought to be methodical and reproducible. However, like writing a book, designing a building, painting or sculpting, scientific discovery is often helped along by other, non-logical factors, such as luck, serendipity, talent, hard work, frustration, failure and persistence, the all-too- familiar societal attributes which shape the landscape of human endeavours.

Those who have studied chemistry may have heard the story about Kekule, who, falling asleep in front of the fire, dreamed about tails of fire chasing each other in a circle; thus was conceived the theory of resonance forstructures such as the benzene ring. We have already heard in an earlier chapter how Szent-Györgyi isolated Vitamin C without originally intending to so do. In a logical world, one might think that companies might set out to develop a better product than those existing on the market. However, all too often, the most highly original products develop from extremely unlikely sources - ideas conceived while waiting at a bus stop, scribbles on serviettes while restaurant dining, or simply looking for one thing and unintentially finding another. The incredibly wasteful volumes of time, money and person power which have been expended upon Vitamin C research using tiny antisorbutic doses have produced fairly uninspiring therapeutic results. On the other hand, the dramatic therapeutic successes of Vitamin C to date, including the discovery of the metabolites of Ester-CR ascorbate, have been due to inspiration, creativity, hard work and serendipity.

The story of Ester-CR ascorbate started with a small company called Inter-Cal Corporation in Prescott, Arizona, which purchased, during 1981, a new process for the manufacture of Calcium Ascorbate. This process, in contrast to other methods of ascorbate production(184), does not use solvents such as alcohol or acetone to precipitate the calcium ascorbate. Instead, the entire process is carried out in water, and the calcium ascorbate was recovered by oven drying the mixture. Problems encountered early on in obtaining uniform consistency prompted Messrs. Gerald Elders and Dick Markham to engage analytical experts to help obtain a more consistent product. Thus started the engagement, over the next several years, (1983-87) of several noted experts encompassing the diverse fields of analytical (Drs. Williard Peterson and Howard Jordi) and organic (Dr. Seth Rose) chemistry, nutrition (Dr. Jeffrey Bland) and biochemistry (Dr. Anthony Verlangieri).

Extensive analyses of the ascorbate product revealed anomalies in its properties from that of calcium ascorbate; analytical investigations, discussions and voluminous scientific correspondence amongst the collaborating individuals prompted a working definition of this product as a "polyascorbate", ie. calcium ascorbate plus other components, or else a polymerized form of calcium ascorbate. The name Ester-CR, which is, chemically speaking, a misnomer, was prompted by the deduction that the product was a polymer of calcium ascorbate in an ester linkage (an ester is a specific type of functional group).

Subsequent research, which is now pointing the way to a novel, exciting facet of Vitamin C research, has revealed that Ester-CR ascorbate is actually a mixture of calcium ascorbate (80.2%), dehydroascorbic acid (5-8%), a mixture of aldonic acids (metabolites) (5-6%), unreacted calcium carbonate (5%) and water. The initial discovery that metabolites are actually a constituent of Ester-CR ascorbate is a classic scientific serendipity story, retold to me in 1989 by Dr. Seth Rose, organic chemist who actually identified a metabolite as part of Ester-CR back in 1986.

Dr. Howard Jordi, using the technique of High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), had enriched a fraction of Ester-CR ascorbate, which he presumed was the high molecular weight "polyascorbate" fraction. Dr. Seth Rose isolated the exclusion volume of the sample, which he hypothesized was the active fraction of the presumed polymeric polyascorbate and subjected this sample to analysis by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Frustrated by not being able, no matter how long he tried, to fit the NMR results with a polymeric polyascorbate structure, he recounted how he started to doodle on a scrap piece of paper, what the proposed structure of the NMR analysis would be, without prejudice or reference to his preconceived hypotheses. He realized that the 4 carbon structure he had drawn actually represented a metabolite product, an aldonic acid, of Vitamin C (see Fig. 3, Ch.2). Then, in accordance with standard scientific procedure, he then had to prepare authentic aldonic acids, match them with the substances identified from Howard Jordi's fraction and then look for these substances in Ester-CR ascorbate. As usual, the inspiration occurred in a flash - the rigorous proof entailed long, hard and tedious work.

Since those early days, considerable research, on cells, animals and humans, has been initiated with metabolite substances of Vitamin C(37,67,207) . This is definitely an area of research which will rewrite our current biochemical understanding of Vitamin C metabolism, which could still be termed, despite the thousands of published papers, "primitive".

ESTER-CR ASCORBATE: Superior Absorption and Retention
________________________________________________

It is somewhat unique that a new patent has been issued to a novel form of Vitamin C. Yet, because of the unique properties of Ester-CR ascorbate, the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks of the United States issued Patent Number 4,822,816 to this substance as of April 18, 1989(146). World-wide patents have been applied for and are expected to be issued in the near future. The patent relates to "...an improved form of Vitamin C......improved methods for establishing Vitamin C levels in the human body.....methods for improving the human body tolerance to Vitamin C.....more effectively absorbed and retained in the human body ...... metabolites of ascorbic acid.....corresponding to three specific aldonic acids: L-threonic acid, L-xylonic acid and L-lyxonic acid.....".

The clinical data from both animal and human studies demonstrate that Ester-CR ascorbate, this mixture of calcium ascorbate with natural metabolites, is, in fact, absorbed at a higher rate and excreted at a lower rate than both ascorbic acid and calcium ascorbate(37,226-9,241).

Studies performed by Dr. Verlangieri's group comparing the absorption in rats of Ester-CR ascorbate relative to ascorbic acid(225), and calcium ascorbate(228) had the following results:

1. Ester-CR was absorbed within 20 minutes; ascorbic acid, only after 40 minutes(225);

2. The absorption rate was 0.073 ug/min for Ester-CR as compared to 0.033 ug/min for ascorbic acid, or more than double. (See Fig. 6). The statistical significance of this value is extremely high (P=0.0001)(225). The absorption rate of Ester-CR was also double that of calcium ascorbate, 0.04 ug/min compared to 0.02 ug/min(228).

3.Blood plasma concentrations of Vitamin C were higher in Ester-CR-treated animals at 20, 40 and 80 minutes(225);

4. The excretion rate of Ester-CR was slower than for ascorbic acid, as measured by the appearance of ascorbic acid in the urine. It took twice as long, 208 min., as opposed to 104 min. for ascorbic acid to appear in the urine of the Ester-CR-treated rats. This result, demonstrating longer retention of Ester-CR, was highly statistically significant (P=0.0009)(225);

5. In experiments designed to assess the effects of metabolites upon Vitamin C absorption, the absorption of calcium ascorbate, "spiked" with metabolite calcium threonate, exceeded that of plain calcium ascorbate, and equalled or slightly exceeded that of Ester-CR:

Compound (226) Absorption Rate (227)
________________________________

Another Ascorbate 0.04 ug/min 0.035 ug/min
Ester-CR 0.05 ug/min 0.046 ug/min
Calcium Ascorbate + Metabolite 0.05 ug/min 0.048 ug/min

6. Studies investigating the uptake of radioactively labelled ascorbic acid into mouse fibroblast cells in culture(229) showed that the metabolite calcium threonate increased the uptake of ascorbic acid 1.86 fold compared with control Ringer's solution. This result was also shown to be statistically significant using the Student T-test (alpha =0.05).

7. A human clinical study conducted by Dr. Jonathan Wright of the meridian Valley Clinical Laboratory(241) with 12 subjects, showed Ester-CR to produce higher ascorbate levels, longer retention times and slower excretion rates compared to ascorbic acid. An improved and enlarged study is currently being planned to further establish the pharmaco-kinetics of Ester-CR ascorbate in human subjects.

 

 

 

Fig. 6 Faster Absorption of Ester-CR Compared to Ascorbic Acid(225)

The Future of Metabolites and Ester-CR Ascorbate
________________________________________________

The above clinical evidence documents the potentiating effects of metabolites upon the absorption and retention of Vitamin C. In fact, simply "spiking" an ordinary calcium ascorbate with a metabolite makes it behave as though it were Ester-CR ascorbate(226-7), which is a mixture of Vitamin C with metabolites. And, as we have seen in Chapter 3, metabolites may have a role in Vitamin C's inhibitory effect upon HIV infection. The biochemical and pharmacological basis for the effects of metabolites upon Vitamin C action may open an entirely new research vista, investigating the molecular mechanisms of these rather small and simple molecules called "metabolites".

How far have we actually come in our knowledge and understanding of what Vitamin C is and how it works? Although this may seem an impertinent question to ask, in light of the voluminous stacks of research published on the subject, it is important to bear in mind that the essential definition of Vitamin C, (vitamin or essential nutrient), its therapeutic role in treating illness, and optimal human nutritional requirements are all issues considered controversial amongst some members of the medical and orthomolecular professions(122,138,140,150). This is apart from considerations of the efficacy of its various forms, and indeed the biochemical and pharmacological mode of action of Vitamin C's metabolites(107), which until very recently, had been formulae confined to schematics of metabolic pathways of Vitamin C. The "discovery" of the modulating roles of metabolites and their biochemical isolation will almost certainly rewrite all our textbooks on the subject of Vitamin C's many physiological and hormonal roles in the body.

Today, some 250 years after citrus fruit was identified as a preventative against scurvy, and some 60 years following the actual isolation of Vitamin C(202), it is vital to review progress made in our understanding of what Vitamin C is and how it works(138). Table 7 below reviews some of the major fundamental processes identified to date in which Vitamin C is intimately and essentially involved and/or required.


Table 7. Functional Metabolic Roles of Vitamin C

Process Functions
______________

Collagen synthesis Creation, maintenance of structural (52,54,166,200) integrity of skin, muscle, bone, gums, all connective tissues, wound healing

Hormone & Neurotransmitter Neurochemical and endocrine functions in synthesis(68,72,89,101, pituitary, pancreas, gonads, thyroid, 136,137,139) hypothalamus; production & protection of c-AMP and c-GMP

Antioxidant, Vitamin E Neutralize extracellularly reactive regenerator(7,33,65,101,112, oxidants, protection against free radical 161,182) and lipid peroxidation damage

Sugar metabolism modulator Interaction with insulin and glucose in (167,221,223) regulation of sugar homeostasis

Fat metabolism regulator Regulation of cholesterol levels, fatty acid (82,83-8,109,135,) metabolism, prostaglandin synthesis, synthesis of L-carnitine

Modulator of Oxygen-hemoglobin Regulates blood oxygen levels
dissociation curve(138)

Immune modulation Lymphocyte blastogenesis, antibody (30,62,108,166,208,242) production, interferon synthesis, leukocyte phagocytosis

Anti-Viral Activityin AIDS,Immune, free radical, metabolite? action.cancer (43,60,97,158,166)

Modulator of Drug Metabolism Free radical, metabolite? action.
(24-27,173,192,210,245)

How Does Vitamin C Work?
________________________

When we view the above table, and recall that Vitamin C is involved in hundreds of metabolic reactions in the bodies, the reasons behind Vitamin C's wide-ranging therapeutic actions become clearer and less "miraculous".

As an essential nutrient, required for the synthesis of other vital nutrients such as collagen and L-carnitine, as a free radical scavenger which protects against membrane and cellular damage from toxic oxygen species, as an immune enhancer, strengthening our resistance to attack by other organisms, and as an integral part of our metabolic lives with sugar and fat metabolism, as well as neuroendocrinal synthesis, it is no wonder that Vitamin C accomplishes such all-pervasive therapeutic effects when administered in optimal doses.

Some of these functions are accomplished through Vitamin C's outstanding capacity to be both an electron donor and acceptor, which accounts for its multi-varied participation in numerous biochemical hydroxylations, anti-oxidant, and free radical scavenger regenerating abilities. This antioxidant role is doubtless the reason for the high concentration of Vitamin C in neutrophils which use "super oxide" to destroy foreign invaders. These toxic oxygen species are neutralized by free radical scavengers such as Vitamin C.

The requirement for Vitamin C in so many metabolic processes really speaks of its ubiquity prior to the hypothesized evolutionary accident which prevented humans from synthesizing our own Vitamin C.

In reviewing the sorry state of our environment, the magnitude of stresses prevalent in our daily lives, the poor nutritional quality of our food and the excesses in our diets, it is clear from many epidemiological studies that perhaps a majority of people suffer from deficiencies of Vitamin C and doubtless other nutrients as well. In light of such cellular deficiencies of Vitamin C, it is not surprising that small doses may simply not be adequate enough to "boost" the systems depleted of this nutrient.

To illustrate how stress to our immune system can deplete body stores of Vitamin C, we can turn to some remarkable research conducted by MIT biologist Susumu Tonegawa, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1987 for his unravelling of the complex process whereby B-cells, the body's antibody-producing cells can generate millions or billions of different antibodies, not by using a separate gene for each antibody, but by shuffling and combining different portions of about 1000 genes. Early in 1990, researchers at the Whitehead Institute announced that the discovery of the "recombination activating gene" (RAG-1) necessarily for this "putting together" process. The process of antibody production requires Vitamins A, C and zinc. Hence, in the face of continuous stress to our immune system, requiring the production of antibodies, we are using up valuable Vitamin C and other nutrients.

The recent announcement of new Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) by the U.S. National Research Council, unchanged for non-smokers, at 60 mg, and increased to 100 mg per day for smokers, prompted vigorous protest from a number of leading nutritional authorities. In Dr. Verlangieri's words "....the NRC has chosen to ignore the worldwide studies that show that vitamin C plays a role in many conditions that include degenerative tissue diseases, cataract formation, periodontal disease, immunological diseases, wound healing, anemia, atherosclerosis and free radical scavenging......." Why the medical and scientific research establishment continue to view Vitamin C as a vitamin required in exceedingly small doses merely to prevent death from scurvy, despite such clinical and research evidence documenting Vitamin C's therapeutic potency at high doses, defies the understanding of the author, and underscores the importance of improving communication between the various health professions.

The Possible Functions of Vitamin C Metabolites
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Thus far, based upon experiments described in Chapters 3, 8 and 10, the known effects of metabolites upon Vitamin C utilization are to:

1. Increase the rate of absorption of Vitamin C.

2. Increase the amount of time that Vitamin C is retained in the body, prior to excretion.

3. Increase the delivery of Vitamin C to tissues, to enable it to achieve its therapeutic effects. This would presumably occur during the "extra" time Vitamin C is circulating within the body.
4. Enhance Vitamin C's antiviral effects, as postulated with the AIDS virus and in cancer patients. This activity is as yet only speculatively attributed to the action of metabolites.

Metabolites and Vitamin C's Ability to Modulate Metabolism
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The above effects of metabolites upon Vitamin C metabolism bear a strong resemblance to the way that Vitamin C can exert a potentiating effect upon drugs and other substances including insulin (see Chapter 6). Even as far back as 1941, Richards et al(173) described how Vitamin C deficiency decreased drug (pentobarbital) oxidation and prolonged sleeping times in scorbutic guinea pigs, which could be reversed by supplementation. Also Vitamin C enhances the ability of young animals to eliminate caffeine, another drug(25,210). Since Vitamin C increases the rate of conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine(140), and thence modulates neuroendocrine levels in many endocrine tissues (pituitary, pancreas, gonads, thyroid, hypothalamus), it is clear how Vitamin C and possibly its metabolites could modulate the utilization of many metabolic compounds and drugs.

It is clear from experiments described in Chapter 10, that metabolites added to calcium ascorbate actually potentiated its absorption and retention time, equalling or exceeding the action of Ester-CR ascorbate which contains natural metabolites(226-7). Also, as discussed in Chapter 3, PROLONGED exposure of HIV-infected cells to ascorbic acid resulted in the 99% inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity and other HIV parameters. This result, despite the result that Vitamin C had no DIRECT effect upon HIV(97).

These pioneering experiments may point the way to how metabolites work. It is possible that the these modulating effects of metabolites may be due to:

1. Structural (stereospecific) qualities of metabolites which interact with membranes in certain ways to enhance action of Vitamin C;

2. The oxidation of Vitamin C which gives rise to metabolites and perhaps exerts anti-viral effects;

3. Either or both the above and as yet to be discovered mechanisms of metabolites.


Questions Which Need Answers Regarding Metabolites
__________________________________________

It would appear that, despite considerable clinical experience with Vitamin C, we are still at a very primitive level of understanding about its mode of action, or that of its metabolites. Certain basic questions which, if addressed, could shed light and advance our knowledge of this multi-faceted nutrient:

1. Definition, classification and nomenclature of metabolites. In the metabolic pathway of Vitamin C, which molecules are considered metabolites. Is dehydroascorbic acid a metabolite? Diketogulonic acid, etc?;

2. More precise metabolic scheme for Vitamin C, including the fate of metabolites during absorption, retention and elimination from the body;

3. Is it Vitamin C itself, its metabolites or the combination of the two, which exert the many therapeutic properties discussed throughout this book;

4. How does Vitamin C exert its anti-viral and anti-cancer effects, and what is the role of metabolites?

 

 

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Vitamin C - The Master Nutrient

VITAMIN C - THE MASTER NUTRIENT

Preface    | Foreword | Introduction | Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 | Chapter 3 | Chapter 4 | Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 | Chapter 8 | Chapter 9 | Chapter 10 | Chapter 11 | Chapter 12 | Chapter 13 | Bibliography


Vitamin C and Metabolites Kill the Aids Virus


Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has become like the ultimate Frankenstein horror story – and the entire world is "freaked out". Prior to AIDS, cancer was, and still is, to a large extent, a subject most avoided and THE dreaded disease. AIDS, in a period of less than one decade, in addition to claiming the lives of tens of thousands of sufferers internationally, has managed to radically alter social practises and attitudes to sex and relationships, virtually reinstate non-promiscuity and fidelity, as well as promote the widespread use of condoms to the extent that "rubbers" or "sheaths" are now available in vending machines in ladies' as well as mens' toilets. Such is the terror of AIDS that presently over 32 countries have drafted laws requiring long-term visitors to their country to produce recent evidence of not being infected with HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

AIDS is the result of an immune system devastated by HIV and presumably other co-factors, which leaves the individual vulnerable to potentially fatal attack even by normally innocuous agents. And as the person's immune system gradually weakens, so does his or her resistance to disease. AIDS is insidious – since the very cells which are designed to protect one from disease are those which are targetted for destruction by HIV, the virus which has been implicated as being a major factor in AIDS.

Everything about AIDS is controversial – the hypothesized origins of AIDS, the causative organism(s), the drugs and treatments being developed, the methods of testing these treatments, the widespread consumer-driven force to use alternative AIDS treatments, the social attitudes to HIV-infected persons, even institutional attitudes of giant insurance companies to AIDS patients (147). And the waste and horror of AIDS is becoming indelibly inscribed upon our consciousness as increasing numbers of friends, relatives and acquaintances are touched by this latter-day 20th century plague.

The battles rage amongst the scientific and medical "experts" about every aspect of AIDS, even whether HIV is the cause, or merely a co-factor of AIDS. The medical establishment sees infection with HIV as leading eventually and irrevocably to death, whereas "alternative" practitioners (including many MDs) report of individuals who have seemingly "beaten" the virus and are healthy, even 8-10 years after infection. Even amidst suffering and death, sagas of immeasurable spiritual insight and growth within AIDS victims and their caretakers abound. And despite the billions of dollars being expended upon AIDS research, the eventual control of the worldwide AIDS epidemic will, in this author's opinion, be more the combined result of sensible lifestyle changes and natural evolutionary factors in the virulence of HIV than any glorious technological marvels. Not to dispute that an effective vaccine would also be invaluable.

As usual, Vitamin C is right in the thick of these battles. Considerable persistence and effort was required before the research described in this chapter documenting Vitamin C's inhibition of HIV was accepted for publication by a scholarly scientific journal. The field of AIDS research is a highly charged political arena, with scientific reputations, budgets, and potential Nobel prizes at stake. Billions are being spent in the academic and corporate sectors on the development of drugs and vaccines against AIDS.

Several years ago, physicians Drs. Robert Cathcart(47-8) of the US and Ian Brighthope(35) of Australia, reported the CLINICALLY effective use of Vitamin C in treating AIDS patients, who were staying alive twice as long and suffering many less infections and symptoms of AIDS. The report that a natural, inexpensive and unpatentable substance such as Vitamin C could be highly potent and effective against AIDS may represent a threat as well as an embarrassment to the drug companies, who may suffer considerable financial losses with failure and/or toxicity of their own drugs.

The research reported here for the first time ever outside of the scientific journals, performed at the Linus Pauling Institute, had the "blessing" and cooperation of one of the scientific "pioneers" of AIDS research, Dr. Robert Gallo, who supplied the first batches of chronically infected cell lines used. In addition, the research received the enthusiastic support of Dr. Michael McGrath of San Francisco General Hospital who provided another batch of the same chronically infected cell line. Identical results were obtained by the Pauling Institute investigators with both batches of cells. The molecular biology experiments described here, elegantly and rigorously show that Vitamin C, in the test tube, inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) activity by over 99%(97). Clinical experience with hundreds of AIDS patients with Vitamin C also strongly suggests the power of Vitamin C's potential therapeutic effect upon this disease; what follows from here is in the hands of clinicians, politicians and patients.

Vitamin C/AIDS Research from the Linus Pauling Institute
____________________________________________
The following research was conducted by Drs. S. Harakeh and R. J. Jariwalla and published in 1990(97). Principal investigator Dr. Jariwalla, currently Director of the Viral Carcinogenesis and Immunodeficiency Program at the Linus Pauling Institute, received his doctorate in Virology at the Medical College of Wisconsin and did postdoctoral training in basic cancer research at Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Jariwalla and colleagues are credited with the discovery of cancer-inducing elements from herpes and other viruses. Dr. Jariwalla directs projects related to mechanisms of cancer induction as well as nutritionally related investigations including the potential role of Vitamin C in AIDS(117) and plant-derived phytate in cancer and atherogenes.


Vitamin C Significantly Inhibits HIV Reverse Transcriptase Activity
__________________________________________________

The AIDS virus is called a 'retrovirus', because it's genetic material is composed of RNA which gets copied into DNA. When HIV gets into a cell, it has to "reverse" copy its RNA back into DNA in order for it to function and replicate within the host cell. To accomplish this, HIV is equipped with an enzyme called, logically enough, "reverse transcriptase" (RT). One of the parameters molecular biologists use to assess HIV replication or infectivity is to measure HIV RT activity. In one of the experiments used, a chronically HIV-infected cell line was cultured either with or without the addition of varying levels of Vitamin C (0-150ug/ml), and the level of RT activity determined at differing time periods (0-4 days). In control cells not treated with Vitamin C, the level of RT activity started to rise on day 2, reaching a peak on day 4. In sharp contrast, infected cells treated with Vitamin C showed markedly inhibited RT activity. By day 2, RT activity was inhibited by more than 90% at Vitamin C concentrations greater than 100 ug/ml; by day 4, at 150 ug/ml Vitamin C, RT activity was inhibited by greater than 99%(97) ! Control experiments had previously determined that cell viability was normal at these Vitamin C concentrations, ie that Vitamin C itself was not toxic to these cells. In addition it was shown that at concentrations at which ascorbate inhibited HIV RT, no adverse effects were seen on host metabolic activity and rate of protein synthesis(97).


Vitamin C Inhibits Expression of HIV p24 Antigen
______________________________________

When the HIV virus infects a cell, it "highjacks" the cell's protein-manufacturing apparatus to start churning out its own (HIV's) proteins. Another indication, in addition to RT activity described above, used by scientists to assess HIV infection, is the expression of p24 antigen, one of the virus' core proteins. Again, as with the previously described experiment, control cells not treated with Vitamin C showed an increase in p24 levels on day 2, reaching a peak on day 4. And, again, in sharp contrast to control cell culture and those treated with Vitamin C, p24 levels were inhibited by almost 90%(97). Since control experiments conducted determined that cellular metabolic activity and protein synthesis were not affected in the presence of Vitamin C (97), the observed suppression of RT and p24 must be due to inhibition of a specific step or steps in HIV replication.


Vitamin C Inhibits Syncytia Formation
_____________________________

A third assay of HIV infectivity involves the monitoring of giant, multi-cell complex formations, called syncytia. These syncytia are formed due to the interaction of HIV cell glycoprotein with receptors on the surface of T4 cells. In non-Vitamin C treated cells, syncytia became visible by day 4, reaching a peak on day 6. In contrast, in Vitamin C treated cells, syncytia were inhibited by 93.3% on day 4(97). These data are summarized in Table 1.


Table 1. Inhibition of HIV Activity by Vitamin C*
______________________________________

Parameter Assessed Degree of Inhibition Attained (%)
_________________________________________

Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Activity 99

p24 Antigen Expression 90

Syncytia Formation 93.3

____________________

*These data were reported in S. Harakeh and R.J. Jariwalla, 1990 97


Mechanisms of Vitamin C's Inhibition of HIV
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Does Vitamin C act DIRECTLY upon HIV, or is there some indirect process of inactivation? Experiments conducted to address this question determined that Vitamin C does NOT directly inactivate the virus nor prevent infection of cells; however, the inhibition of HIV by Vitamin C was due to Vitamin C's action upon the virus, not upon other cellular processes. Since Vitamin C does not, by itself, directly inhibit RT activity or processes involved in syncytium formation, the reduction of these viral parameters "therefore represents inhibition of a step of steps in HIV replication......delayed inactivating effect on the virion-associated enzyme was seen upon prolonged incubation of cell-free virus with ascorbate. This may reflect the accumulation to threshold levels of some reactive metabolite of ascorbic acid....upon prolonged in vitro exposure, virion components may become susceptible to further attack by metabolites of ascorbate generated from its oxidative degradation"(97).

The actual mechanism reponsible for Vitamin C's anti-HIV properties is not currently known. Further research is continuing to unravel the molecular action of ascorbate on HIV.


Preliminary Clinical Evidence of Vitamin C's Efficacy for AIDS
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Dr. Robert Cathcart has treated hundreds of AIDS patients using large doses (oral and intravenous) of Vitamin C. In Dr. Cathcart's words "Ascorbate, by making short work of colds and other minor infections, and by reducing the duration and complications of major infections, reduces the activation of T-helper cells and thereby slows the multiplication of viruses"(48). Dr. Ian Brighthope, also successfully using Vitamin C to treat AIDS, finds that Vitamin C ameliorates depressed mental states as well as the bacterial and viral infections associated with AIDS(35). The results of Drs. Harakeh and Jariwalla(97), demonstrating HIV suppression by ascorbate in vitro, provide support for a third possibility i.e. that Vitamin C may directly block HIV replication occurring in infected cells.

Attempts to conduct controlled clinical trials of Vitamin C have been frustrated by the refusal of granting agencies to fund such necessary research. Dr. Brighthope writes that his application to the Research Grants' Division of the Commonwealth Department of Health was refused "on the grounds that there was no evidence that Vitamin C had any effect on the course of the disease". Attitudes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the MRC in the UK convey similar conservative and intransigent views; the positive therapeutic effect (albeit anecdotal) of non-toxic Vitamin C in the treatment of AIDS certainly represents a major step forward and offers advantages over currently available AZT, which, being a potent inhibitor of DNA replication in NORMAL cells, is highly toxic, and only inhibits new HIV infection.

The inability to obtain funding to conduct clinical trials for natural medicines treating AIDS is widespread, and has been reported by many researchers, including this author, working with a variety of substances. To the author's knowledge, the only clinical trial being conducted today with Vitamin C on AIDS is a PRIVATELY funded trial coordinated by Dr. Russell Jaffe, formerly a senior researcher and clinician at the NIH, presently Director of Serammune Physicians Lab in Vienna, Virginia.

The publication of the research reported herewith in a major scientific journal probably heralds concrete evidence of the beginning of the winds of change in research attitudes. It is likely now, with such rigorous laboratory evidence of Vitamin C's potent anti-HIV activity, that clinical research will blossom, taking Vitamin C out of the realm of "fringe" medicine and into the mainstream worlds of nutritional and consumer medicine. Vitamin C became a respectable field of research long ago; it is long overdue for the medical and research establishments to acknowledge and support further progress toward our collective improved health.

 

 

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